Ayuba e-Health Learning and Technology

Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a parasitic infection caused by filarial worms that affects the lymphatic system, leading to severe swelling and disability. It is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that affects the lymphatic system. Signs and Symptoms Many infections are asymptomatic, but symptomatic cases can include: Lymphedema (swelling, usually in the legs, arms, breasts, or genitalia) Hydrocele (fluid accumulation in the scrotum) Elephantiasis (severe thickening of the skin and underlying tissues) Fever , chills, and body aches due to secondary infections Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) Recurrent skin infections Complications Permanent disfigurement and disability Psychological and social stigma Secondary bacterial infections Impaired mobility and reduced quality of life Transmission Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted through mosquito bites. When an infected mosquito (from genera Culex, Anopheles, or Aedes) bites a person, filarial larvae ente...

Is an infection caused by lassa fever virus which is spread mostly by rats that have many breasts. Is an infection with gradual onset with one OR more of the following: Malaise, fever, headache, cough, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, chest pain, hearing loss, and history of contact with excreta of rodents OR with a case of Lassa fever. Lassa Fever Virus: Was discovered in a village called Lassa in Borno State and has been found in other states in Nigeria. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS High fever, sore throat, cough, back pain, chest pain, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, restlessness, swelling of the face, bleeding through body openings (nose, ears, eyes, and mouth), etc. TRANSMISSION Fecal-oral route with contaminated urine, feces, saliva, and blood of the rats. Inhalation with contaminated soil. CAUSATIVE AGENTS Lassa fever virus. INCUBATION PERIOD 6-21 days after contacted with Lassa fever virus. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Use of rodenticides. 2. Treatment of an infected pers...

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It primarily affects the respiratory system but can also impact other organs. Signs and Symptoms COVID-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and may include: Common Symptoms: Fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, sore throat, muscle aches, headache, and loss of taste or smell. Severe Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain, confusion, bluish lips or face. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Complications Severe cases of COVID-19 can lead to: Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Multi-organ failure Blood clots and stroke Long COVID (persistent symptoms lasting weeks or months) Death, especially in high-risk individuals Transmission COVID-19 spreads mainly through: Respiratory droplets (from coughing, sneezing, or talking) Airborne transmission (in poorly ventilated areas) Direct contact (touching an infected...

Pertussis is an acute bacterial communicable infection that affects the lower respiratory tract from the trachea to the bronchioles. It is characterized by a cough illness lasting at least 2 weeks with either paroxysms of coughing, an inspiratory whoop, or post-tussive vomiting without any other apparent cause. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever, cough, whooping sound, sneezing, runny nose, vomiting, loss of appetite, and tearing eyes. COMPLICATIONS Convulsions/seizures, reduced oxygen supply, otitis media, dehydration, and death. TRANSMISSION Airborne droplets. CAUSATIVE AGENT Bordetella pertussis. INCUBATION PERIOD 7 to 10 days, but it may be as long as 3 weeks. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Immunization with the pentavalent vaccine. 2. Treatment of an infected person. 3. Isolation. 4. Surveillance 5. Environmental and personal hygiene. 6. Health education.

Diphtheria is an acute bacterial communicable infection that affects the mucous membranes of the nose, tonsils, pharynx, and larynx, and it can cause respiratory obstruction. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever, cough, sore throat, laryngitis, headache, pain, and loss of appetite. TRANSMISSION By airborne droplets, direct contact, indirect contact (through fomites), and by ingestion of contaminated raw milk. CAUSATIVE AGENT Corynebacterium diphtheriae. INCUBATION PERIOD         2 to 5 days. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Immunization with the pentavalent vaccine. 2. Treatment of an infected person. 3. Isolation. 4. Surveillance 5. Environmental and personal hygiene. 6. Health education.

         Any person with a sudden onset of high fever of 38.5°C rectally or 38.0°C axillary, plus one of the following signs:            1. Stiffness of the neck.            2. Altered consciousness. OR            3. Meningeal signs.    It is an acute bacterial communicable infection that affects the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.    It is an acute bacterial communicable disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, which affects the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Any person with a sudden onset of fever and stiffness. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS     Fever, stiff neck, stiffness of the back, headache, coma.       TRANSMISSION      By airborne droplets.      By direct contact.       CAUSATIVE AGENT     Meningococcus, called Neisseria meningitidis.   INCUBA...

Tuberculosis is a very serious chronic bacterial communicable infection that attacks the lungs and other parts of the body.       TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS 1. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: This type of tuberculosis affects the lungs. 2. EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: This type of tuberculosis affects the bones, kidneys, brain, abdomen, and reproductive organs. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever, cough, chest pain, night sweats, difficulty in breathing, weight loss, loss of appetite, coughing up blood in the later stages, chronic fatigue, emaciation. TRANSMISSION Transmission occurs via airborne droplets from the sputum of an infected person, consumption of infected cow's milk, and prolonged exposure to an active case may lead to infection. CAUSATIVE AGENT Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus). INCUBATION PERIOD 4 to 12 weeks. RESERVOIR Humans and cows. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Immunization with the BCG vaccine. 2. Treatment of infected individuals. 3. Isolation. 4. Surveillance. 5....

Any person with sudden onset of high fever followed by jaundice within two weeks from the onset of the first symptoms. It is an acute infectious disease caused by the yellow fever virus.   It is an acute disease of high mortality.   TYPE OF YELLOW FEVER 1. Urban or Rural (Epidemic) (man to man) 2. Sylvatic or Jungle (monkey to monkey)   SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever, jaundice, headache, hematuria, bleeding of gums, backache, muscle pain, vomiting, abdominal disturbance, chills.   TRANSMISSION  By the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito.   CAUSATIVE AGENT Yellow fever virus.   INCUBATION PERIOD          3–6 days.   RESERVOIR Man and monkey.   PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Immunization with the yellow fever vaccine.   2. Treatment of an infected person. 3. Surveillance   4. Sanitation.   5. Use of insecticides.   6. Health education

Any child under 15 years of age with sudden onset of weakness, paralysis or floppiness of the limbs (hands or legs or both). Any person of any age with a paralytic illness in whom a clinician suspects poliomyelitis. It is an acute viral infection resulting in flaccid paralysis (infantile paralysis). It is a crumpling disease that affects the limbs. 𝙎𝙄𝙂𝙉𝙎 𝘼𝙉𝘿 𝙎𝙔𝙈𝙋𝙏𝙊𝙈𝙎 Weakness,paralysis or floppiness of the upper or lower limbs or both 𝙏𝙍𝘼𝙉𝙎𝙈𝙄𝙎𝙎𝙄𝙊𝙉 It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route (food and water contaminated). 𝘾𝘼𝙐𝙎𝘼𝙏𝙄𝙑𝙀 𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙉𝙏 Poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. 𝙄𝙉𝘾𝙐𝘽𝘼𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉 𝙋𝙀𝙍𝙄𝙊𝘿 3 to 21 days or 7 to 12 days but usually 10 days. 𝙍𝙀𝙎𝙀𝙍𝙑𝙊𝙄𝙍 Human. 𝙋𝙍𝙀𝙑𝙀𝙉𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉 𝘼𝙉𝘿 𝘾𝙊𝙉𝙏𝙍𝙊𝙇 1. Immunization with the polio vaccine 2. Isolation 3. Treatment of an infected person 4. Surveillance 5. Avoidance of overcrowding 6. Standards of personal and environmental hygiene 7. Health education 𝘿𝙄𝙁𝙁𝙀𝙍𝙀𝙉𝙏𝙄𝘼𝙇 ...

  Any person with fever and maculopapular rashes PLUS one of the following signs:    1. Conjunctivitis (redness of the eyes)    2. Coryza (runny nose)    3. Cough    is an acute viral communicable disease caused by the measles virus (rubeola).         SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS    Fever, rashes, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, headache, malaise, otitis media, inflammation of the respiratory tract, dehydration.              TRANSMISSION    Droplets or contact with an infected person.              CAUSATIVE AGENT     Measles virus (rubeola virus)             INCUBATION PERIOD   7–18 days or 16–18 days, but usually 10 days.                RESERVOIR                  Humans           PREVENTION A...

Tetanus is a deadly infection caused by a bacterium that lives in dirty soil or animal feces. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Stiffness of the jaw, stiffness of the neck, convulsions, painful muscular spasms, failure to suck in a baby, fever, photophobia. TRANSMISSION Through puncture wounds from sharp objects.   Through infected sharp materials. CAUSATIVE AGENT Clostridium tetani. INCUBATION PERIOD Usually 3 days to 3 weeks. PREVENTION AND CONTROL   1. Immunization with T.D. and pentavalent vaccine.   2. Treatment of an infected person.   3. Environmental sanitation.   4. Surveillance 5. Health education. Summary Tetanus is a preventable yet potentially fatal disease caused by Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by muscle rigidity and spasms following the entry of bacterial spores into a wound. The disease is not transmitted person-to-person but is acquired from environmental sources. With an incubation period generally between 3 and 21 days, ea...

        PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA     Pneumococcal pneumonia is an acute bacterial communicable disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae that affects the lungs.         SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Fever, chest indrawing, cough, headache, fast breathing, sinusitis, bronchitis, laryngitis, otitis media.         CHRONIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS      Meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, septicemia, stiff neck.                   TRANSMISSION        Airborne, droplets, direct contact, and contaminated articles.               CAUSATIVE AGENT         Streptococcus pneumoniae.                 INCUBATION PERIOD                        1 to 3 days.         PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Immunizat...