Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)


Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals.

Signs and Symptoms:

Symptoms of hMPV infection range from mild to severe and can include:

  • Mild cases:

    • Cough
    • Nasal congestion
    • Sore throat
    • Fever
    • Fatigue

  • Severe cases:

    • Wheezing
    • Shortness of breath
    • Bronchiolitis (especially in infants)
    • Pneumonia
    • Respiratory distress

Complications:

  • Severe pneumonia
  • Exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Secondary bacterial infections
  • Respiratory failure (in high-risk groups)

Transmission:

hMPV spreads through:

  • Respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing)
  • Direct contact with contaminated surfaces
  • Close contact with an infected person

Causative Agent:

hMPV is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Metapneumovirus within the Paramyxoviridae family.

Incubation Period:

The incubation period is approximately 3 to 6 days after exposure.

Reservoir:

Humans are the primary reservoir of hMPV.

Prevention and Control Measures:

  • Personal hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap and water
  • Respiratory etiquette: Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
  • Surface disinfection: Cleaning frequently touched surfaces
  • Avoid close contact: Staying away from infected individuals
  • Use of masks: Especially in healthcare settings and crowded areas
  • Vaccination: No vaccine is currently available, but research is ongoing

Laboratory Diagnosis:

  • Molecular tests:
    • RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) – most sensitive method
  • Antigen detection: Immunofluorescence assays
  • Virus isolation: Cell culture (less commonly used)
  • Serology: Detection of antibodies (not commonly used for acute diagnosis)

Treatment:

  • Supportive care:
    • Hydration
    • Oxygen therapy (if needed)
    • Mechanical ventilation (for severe cases)
  • Antipyretics and analgesics: For fever and discomfort
  • Bronchodilators: For wheezing and respiratory distress
  • Antiviral therapy: No specific antiviral treatment is available; management is primarily symptomatic.

Note: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was discovered in 2001 by Dutch scientists in the Netherlands. However, studies suggest that the virus has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years before its official identification.

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